My Thoughts On My Life - 845 Words

Ok so I needed a little help to focus my thoughts so I used google and found a blog that was very helpful. The writer Kat Lee said, one of my greatest fears in life is that I will be the same person at 76 that I am at 36; that I will have the same hangups as an older woman that I had as a younger woman. I think that is my same fear. When I moved to Oklahoma I wanted to reinvent myself, I didn t want to be the same girl with the same hangups both in life and spiritually. I thought new place fresh start. As you already know it takes a lot for me to reach out and put myself on full display. I have a difficulty opening up and putting my feelings/thoughts into words. From the short while I ve known you I feel like you are a person I can break down those walls and be truly honest without the fear of judgement. I have so many questions to ask you about your life. You are not much older than me but you have lived life. You married a wonderful man at a young age and you have a sweet little boy. You are on fire for the Lord and it shows through your actions. So maybe you can help me clear some of my obstacles that are in my life by learning from you who might have already cleared or gone through those obstacle in your life. I can be a very critical toward myself and get overwhelmed by the things I need to change or improve on and end up doing nothing to change. I want to be the best person I can be. I go to my mom but she gives those generic mom answers. I want an outsideShow MoreRelatedMy Thoughts On My Life1499 Words   |  6 Pageshow I have been feeling deep down all day. I know it in the deepest part of my mind, with every neuron in my brain screaming this: I am in love with you so deeply and I think I would go mad with grief if you were ever not a part of my life anymore. When I think about the coy smile you get on your face when you first step off the bus or out of your car to greet me, my heart fills with a warm feeling that spreads throughout my torso, filling me with hope for us. When I think about you freak- out laughingRead MoreMy Thoughts On My Life1277 Words   |  6 Pagesrequired my help, next on the list was Phyllis. My stomach instantly lurched at the memory of my last visitation. M y hands gripped tighter onto the steering wheel, my nails digging into the soft leather leaving an impression that would last. As I pressed my foot down on the accelerator my mind whirred as I struggled to wrestle with the emotions that where brimming within me and threatening to overflow. Pictures of the scene flew before my eyes, distracting me and occupying my every thought. The dreadRead MoreMy Thoughts On My Life1272 Words   |  6 PagesI closed my eyes and pondered my next move. Was I in a dream or what? After two hours, my eyes shot open. I woke up realizing that I fell asleep. I was breathing short, heavy breaths. I looked around the room with wide eyes. I might have fell asleep while thinking about the problem I had with my mom a while ago. I couldn t believe of what was happening between me and my mom. Tears slid right down my cheeks from my warm, butterscotch eyes, followed by another one, and another one, until soon, aRead MoreMy Thoughts On My Life1496 Words   |  6 PagesMy lungs burn as they fill with water, as I m trying to get my head above surface. I struggle and push my legs harder and harder but no matter how hard I push I can t stop sinking. I notice bindings on my feet and desperately try clawing at the rope on my feet. I m running out of oxygen, and I have to take a breath. I take a big gulp of water and my lungs fill, black spots clouded my vision as I feebly struggle to untie the rope, I take one more breath and could feel I m fading BRINGGGGG!!Read MoreMy Thoughts On My Life955 Words   |  4 PagesAs a working mother, after leaving the home, I keep on thinking about my baby. Sometime I scare if something wrong goes to him. It is very difficult to concentrate my mind. I wish I will play with him whole day, can spend my time taking care him all the possible ways that I can make him a fun. While returning back to home my concern again start the same way, playing with him and make him happy as much as I can. But when I reach home, I hug him, kiss him and stay with him for a while and forgetRead MoreMy Thoughts On My Life885 Words   |  4 PagesMy Mom-Mom used to tell us that if you want to make God laugh, you should tell Him your plans. I did not fully understand that when she said it but I absolutely do now. The last few weeks have been tumultuous for me to say the least. In the midst of my going through I have also experienced God in ways I don t think I could ever fully describe. What I am learning is that even in the midst of going through it s not hard to see God s hand at work in your life. I am also learning that evenRead MoreMy Thoughts On My Life1447 Words   |  6 Pageswall in my house. The poem teaches principles such as: share everything, play fair, don’t hit people, put items back where you found them, clean up your mess. From the age of two these principles became object lessons and repeated phrases each and every day. Without realizing it, I had memorized this poem by the age of six, and not by choice. Principles impacting my life are those learned while golfing; my poem should be â€Å"All I need to know I learned in golf.† The summer between my eighth andRead MoreMy Thoughts On My Life1812 Words   |  8 Pagesthe covers halfway covering me, with my hand on my mouth, I stared at nothing in particular thinking about what just happened. Ritsu was taking a shower. I blushed as a vivid image of him naked flashed in my thoughts. His sweet and desperate kiss carved its way in my memories. As he gently put his lips against mine, I could faintly taste and smell the cigarette he was smoking a few minutes ago, but it didn t disgust me. In a daze, my right index finger traced my lips. What did this mean? Was I inRead MoreMy Thoughts On My Life876 Words   |  4 Pagesthis psychology class has opened my eyes to the endless psychological theories many great minds have introduced to the world. More interestingly, what I have learned from this class has affected me in my daily life as I find myself thinking about how my mind works and develops more often than before. Many experiences of my past can now be seen through a different light with the understanding of our remarkable cognitive abilities. My ability to stay committed to my goals while having resilience toRead MoreI Have Never Thought About My Life Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pagesnever thought about my worldviews until now. Growing up in a small town, I had not experienced or been exposed to the â€Å"outside world†. I have always been kept in this bubble surrounded by the same culture, people, and ideas. However, going to college, meeting different students and professors have made me question myself and the world I live in. I became aware of issues found around the world and I wanted to know why these issues were present. After studying specific experiences in my life and issues

The Causes of World Hunger - 1658 Words

The causes of world hunger are at once intimidatingly complex and stunningly simple, depending on the underlying ideological assumptions which inform ones approach to the problem. For the uninformed, the cause of world hunger might seem to be quite obvious, because the concept of hunger is ostensibly simple; being hungry means a lack of food, so world hunger must be caused either by a lack of food on a global scale or overpopulation. Put another way, the easy answer to the question of world hunger is to suggest that there is either too little food or too many people, but in reality, neither of these scenarios prove to be the case. Instead, research has shown that human beings produce more than enough food for the global population, and that world hunger stems not from a lack of food overall, but rather an inequitable distribution of wealth, which precludes certain populations from being able to purchase the food they need, or else prompts localized overpopulation due to insufficient family planning and local resources. Thus, poverty is ultimately the cause of world hunger, but to understand why one must investigate the nexus between capitalism, poverty, global trade, and world hunger, because far from being the product of hard limits regarding the amount of food or size of the population, world hunger is almost entirely the result of social forces which have conspired together to impoverish and starve millions for the sake of a privileged few. As with many other pressingShow MoreRelatedWorld Hunger Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesWorld hunger has been a constant problem throughout the ages. It is a problem that should be able to be solved easily, yet there are still 1.02 billion undernourished people worldwide. With the world population being 6.7 billion people, and the Earth producing more than enough food for this amount of people, why is it that there are hungry, malnourished people all around the globe? Hunger is caused by many events, including the poverty trap, natural disasters, war, poor agricultural infrastructureRead MoreHunger Is Not An Issue Of Charity1625 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Hunger is not an issue of charity. It is an issue of justice† (10 Ways to Stop World Hunger†). Every year, millions of people die all over the world due to disease, war, and old age, but hunger is commonly overlooked. Diseases like cancer are constantly being studied in order to find a cure, but for hunger, there is one cure: food. While charity is essential to fighting hunger in Africa, it only meets short-term needs. It feeds people, clothes them, and gives them shelter, but it does not solveRead MoreCielo Caldelas. Mrs. Gallos. English Iii Honors. 6 April1598 Words   |  7 PagesPrevention of Child Hunger Many children in this world suffer everyday in very different ways. Suffering ways could be the loss of shelter or having a very chronic disease. â€Å"We could start with hunger and malnutrition, which kill 3.1 million children under the age of five every year† (McGowan 8). Hunger is considered one of those ways and also causes other suffering barriers. Hunger is the craving and want of food. At times hunger causes a person to become very weak. Hunger has caused many childRead MoreHow Does Chronic Hunger Affect The Body?1240 Words   |  5 PagesHow does chronic hunger affect the body? What is chronic hunger? What does it do to our body? Chronic hunger is what all people have or feel from time to time. From every world, there are men, children, women, pregnant women, old, young, and more are hungry for food to eat even the poor and rich people, too. The effect of chronic hunger to body of how many peoples have died because of the Chronic hunger effect. Your health, your body, and your mind are the most important things thatRead MoreHunger, Poverty And Economic Development929 Words   |  4 PagesHunger and Poverty â€Å"We think sometimes that poverty is only being hungry, naked and homeless. The poverty of being unwanted, unloved and uncared for is the greatest poverty. We must start in our own homes to remedy this kind of poverty†--Mother Teresa. This quote speaks deeply to those who are suffering from hunger due to the fact of the country being in poverty. What actually causes hunger? Most of us assume that it would be the countries poverty level, well most of us would be right, but thenRead More World Hunger Essay715 Words   |  3 PagesWorld Hunger This web pages goal is to introduce the visitor to the problem of world hunger and provide ways to access more information through books and other web sites. The page was created as a final project for an Environmental History class held at the University of Vermont spring semester 2000. Overview World hunger is one of the many dire problems facing the human race. Although the common person probably wont have a big impact on ending world hunger, but by being aware of theRead MoreChild Hunger in the USA Essay1445 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States is known as the wealthiest country in the world. But, there are many people that cant afford to buy food for their families, many are also homeless. â€Å"While hunger affects people of all ages, its particularly devastating for children even short-term episodes of hunger can cause lasting damage.(â€Å"Child Nutrition Programs) Child hunger in the United States is caused by poverty, unemployment, food insecurity, and food shortage; however there are many solutions to this problem likeRead MoreHunger Is Huge Crisis By Developing Countries1603 Words   |  7 Pagesdue to hunger. Although it seems like this couldn’t be right, that something should be wrong with this bit of information, this statistic is all true. Somethi ng as simple as food can cause 8,640 kids to die a day and 300 million children go hungry every day, most of them living in developing countries, and stuck in a life of poverty. Hunger is huge crisis, in developing countries, that has a large amount of negative impacts on the people living there and generations to come. Hunger and Causes HungerRead MoreHunger in America1463 Words   |  6 PagesHunger in America can be hard to recognize. With how the economy is now, the effects of hunger are more severe. Many Americans are relying on food stamps and private organizations to help with this crisis. Millions in this nation are currently suffering from hunger in America. Half of that being from job loss. More than 12,000,000 children suffer from food insecure hunger because of limited or uncertain access to nutritious food. About 900,000 are hungry in the three- country Detroit metropolitanRead MoreThe Effects Of Food Security On A Global Level1132 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloping countries, it is important for a country’s food security that there are international trade agreements. With the population of the world continuing to grow and the need for an increased amount of food to sustain this population globally, it is important to take a look at the present state of food security around the world. There are many people around the world that go to bed hungry every night and many people that are malnourished because they do not have an adequate food supply available to

Chapter 18 The Weighing of the Wands Free Essays

When Harry woke up on Sunday morning, it took him a moment to remember why he felt so miserable and worried. Then the memory of the previous night rolled over him. He sat up and ripped back the curtains of his own four-poster, intending to talk to Ron, to force Ron to believe him – only to find that Ron’s bed was empty; he had obviously gone down to breakfast. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 18 The Weighing of the Wands or any similar topic only for you Order Now Harry dressed and went down the spiral staircase into the common room. The moment he appeared, the people who had already finished breakfast broke into applause again. The prospect of going down into the Great Hall and facing the rest of the Gryffindors, all treating him like some sort of hero, was not inviting; it was that, however, or stay here and allow himself to be cornered by the Creevey brothers, who were both beckoning frantically to him to join them. He walked resolutely over to the portrait hole, pushed it open, climbed out of it, and found himself face-to-face with Hermione. â€Å"Hello,† she said, holding up a stack of toast, which she was carrying in a napkin. â€Å"I brought you this†¦.Want to go for a walk?† â€Å"Good idea,† said Harry gratefully. They went downstairs, crossed the entrance hall quickly without looking in at the Great Hall, and were soon striding across the lawn toward the lake, where the Durmstrang ship was moored, reflected blackly in the water. It was a chilly morning, and they kept moving, munching their toast, as Harry told Hermione exactly what had happened after he had left the Gryffindor table the night before. To his immense relief, Hermione accepted his story without question. â€Å"Well, of course I knew you hadn’t entered yourself,† she said when he’d finished telling her about the scene in the chamber off the Hall. â€Å"The look on your face when Dumbledore read out your name! But the question is, who did put it in? Because Moody’s right, Harry†¦I don’t think any student could have done it†¦they’d never be able to fool the Goblet, or get over Dumbledore’s -â€Å" â€Å"Have you seen Ron?† Harry interrupted. Hermione hesitated. â€Å"Erm†¦yes†¦he was at breakfast,† she said. â€Å"Does he still think I entered myself?† â€Å"Well†¦no, I don’t think so†¦not really,† said Hermione awkwardly. â€Å"What’s that supposed to mean, ‘not really’?† â€Å"Oh Harry, isn’t it obvious?† Hermione said despairingly. â€Å"He’s jealous!† â€Å"Jealous?† Harry said incredulously. â€Å"Jealous of what? He wants to make a prat of himself in front of the whole school, does he?† â€Å"Look,† said Hermione patiently, â€Å"it’s always you who gets all the attention, you know it is. I know it’s not your fault,† she added quickly, seeing Harry open his mouth furiously. â€Å"I know you don’t ask for it†¦but – well – you know, Ron’s got all those brothers to compete against at home, and you’re his best friend, and you’re really famous – he’s always shunted to one side whenever people see you, and he puts up with it, and he never mentions it, but I suppose this is just one time too many†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Great,† said Harry bitterly. â€Å"Really great. Tell him from me I’ll swap any time he wants. Tell him from me he’s welcome to it†¦.People gawping at my forehead everywhere I go†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I’m not teiling him anything,† Hermione said shortly. â€Å"Tell him yourself. It’s the only way to sort this out.† â€Å"I’m not running around after him trying to make him grow up!† Harry said, so loudly that several owls in a nearby tree took flight in alarm. â€Å"Maybe he’ll believe I’m not enjoying myself once I’ve got my neck broken or -â€Å" â€Å"That’s not funny,† said Hermione quietly. â€Å"That’s not funny at all.† She looked extremely anxious. â€Å"Harry, I’ve been thinking – you know what we’ve got to do, don’t you? Straight away, the moment we get back to the castle?† â€Å"Yeah, give Ron a good kick up the -â€Å" â€Å"Write to Sirius. You’ve got to tell him what’s happened. He asked you to keep him posted on everything that’s going on at Hogwarts†¦.It’s almost as if he expected something like this to happen. I brought some parchment and a quill out with me -â€Å" â€Å"Come off it,† said Harry, looking around to check that they couldn’t be overheard, but the grounds were quite deserted. â€Å"He came back to the country just because my scar twinged. He’ll probably come bursting right into the castle if I tell him someone’s entered me in the Triwizard Tournament -â€Å" â€Å"He’d want you to tell him,† said Hermione sternly. â€Å"He’s going to find out anyway.† â€Å"How?† â€Å"Harry, this isn’t going to be kept quiet,† said Hermione, very seriously. â€Å"This tournament’s famous, and you’re famous. I’ll be really surprised if there isn’t anything in the Daily Prophet about you competing†¦.You’re already in half the books about You-Know-Who, you know†¦and Sirius would rather hear it from you, I know he would.† â€Å"Okay, okay, I’ll write to him,† said Harry, throwing his last piece of toast into the lake. They both stood and watched it floating there for a moment, before a large tentacle rose out of the water and scooped it beneath the surface. Then they returned to the castle. â€Å"Whose owl am I going to use?† Harry said as they climbed the stairs. â€Å"He told me not to use Hedwig again.† â€Å"Ask Ron if you can borrow -â€Å" â€Å"I’m not asking Ron for anything,† Harry said flatly. â€Å"Well, borrow one of the school owls, then, anyone can use them,† said Hermione. They went up to the Owlery. Hermione gave Harry a piece of parchment, a quill, and a bottle of ink, then strolled around the long lines of perches, looking at all the different owls, while Harry sat down against a wall and wrote his letter. Dear Sirius, You told me to keep you posted on what’s happening at Hogwarts, so here goes – I don’t know if you’ve heard, but the Triwizard Tournament’s happening this year and on Saturday night I got picked as a fourth champion. I don’t who put my name in the Goblet of Fire, because I didn’t. The other Hogwarts champion is Cedric Diggory, from Hufflepuff. He paused at this point, thinking. He had an urge to say something about the large weight of anxiety that seemed to have settled inside his chest since last night, but he couldn’t think how to translate this into words, so he simply dipped his quill back into the ink bottle and wrote, Hope you’re okay, and Buckbeak – Harry â€Å"Finished,† he told Hermione, getting to his feet and brushing straw off his robes. At this, Hedwig fluttered down onto his shoulder and held out her leg. â€Å"I can’t use you,† Harry told her, looking around for the school owls. â€Å"I’ve got to use one of these.† Hedwig gave a very loud hoot and took off so suddenly that her talons cut into his shoulder. She kept her back to Harry all the time he was tying his letter to the leg of a large barn owl. When the barn owl had flown off, Harry reached out to stroke Hedwig, but she clicked her beak furiously and soared up into the rafters out of reach. â€Å"First Ron, then you,† Harry said angrily. â€Å"This isn’t my fault.† If Harry had thought that matters would improve once everyone got used to the idea of him being champion, the following day showed him how mistaken he was. He could no longer avoid the rest of the school once he was back at lessons – and it was clear that the rest of the school, just like the Gryffindors, thought Harry had entered himself for the tournament. Unlike the Gryffindors, however, they did not seem impressed. The Hufflepuffs, who were usually on excellent terms with the Gryffindors, had turned remarkably cold toward the whole lot of them. One Herbology lesson was enough to demonstrate this. It was plain that the Hufflepuffs felt that Harry had stolen their champion’s glory; a feeling exacerbated, perhaps, by the fact that Hufflepuff House very rarely got any glory, and that Cedric was one of the few who had ever given them any, having beaten Gryffindor once at Quidditch. Ernie Macmillan and Justin FinchFletchley, with whom Harry normally got on very well, did not talk to him even though they were repotting Bouncing Bulbs at the same tray – though they did laugh rather unpleasantly when one of the Bouncing Bulbs wriggled free from Harry’s grip and smacked him hard in the face. Ron wasn’t talking to Harry either. Hermione sat between them, making very forced conversation, but though both answered her normally, they avoided making eye contact with each other. Harr y thought even Professor Sprout seemed distant with him – but then, she was Head of Hufflepuff House. He would have been looking forward to seeing Hagrid under normal circumstances, but Care of Magical Creatures meant seeing the Slytherins too – the first time he would come face-to-face with them since becoming champion. Predictably, Malfoy arrived at Hagrid’s cabin with his familiar sneer firmly in place. â€Å"Ah, look, boys, it’s the champion,† he said to Crabbe and Goyle the moment he got within earshot of Harry. â€Å"Got your autograph books? Better get a signature now, because I doubt he’s going to be around much longer†¦.Half the Triwizard champions have died†¦how long d’you reckon you’re going to last, Potter? Ten minutes into the first task’s my bet.† Crabbe and Goyle guffawed sycophantically, but Malfoy had to stop there, because Hagrid emerged from the back of his cabin balancing a teetering tower of crates, each containing a very large Blast-Ended Skrewt. To the class’s horror, Hagrid proceeded to explain that the reason the skrewts had been killing one another was an excess of pent-up energy, and that the solution would be for each student to fix a leash on a skrewt and take it for a short walk. The only good thing about this plan was that it distracted Malfoy completely. â€Å"Take this thing for a walk?† he repeated in disgust, staring into one of the boxes. â€Å"And where exactly are we supposed to fix the leash? Around the sting, the blasting end, or the sucker?† â€Å"Roun’ the middle,† said Hagrid, demonstrating. â€Å"Er – yeh might want ter put on yer dragon-hide gloves, jus’ as an extra precaution, like. Harry – you come here an’ help me with this big one†¦.† Hagrid’s real intention, however, was totalk to Harry away from the rest of the class. He waited until everyone else had set off with their skrewts, then turned to Harry and said, very seriously, â€Å"So – yer competin’, Harry. In the tournament. School champion.† â€Å"One of the champions,† Harry corrected him. Hagrid’s beetle-black eyes looked very anxious under his wild eyebrows. â€Å"No idea who put yeh in fer it, Harry?† â€Å"You believe I didn’t do it, then?† said Harry, concealing with difficulty the rush of gratitude he felt at Hagrid’s words. â€Å"Course I do,† Hagrid grunted. â€Å"Yeh say it wasn’ you, an’ I believe yeh – an’ Dumbledore believes yer, an’ all.† â€Å"Wish I knew who did do it,† said Harry bitterly. The pair of them looked out over the lawn; the class was widely scattered now, and all in great difficulty. The skrewts were now over three feet long, and extremely powerful. No longer shell-less and colorless, they had developed a kind of thick, grayish, shiny armor. They looked like a cross between giant scorpions and elongated crabs- but still without recognizable heads or eyes. They had become immensely strong and very hard to control. â€Å"Look like they’re havin’ fun, don’ they?† Hagrid said happily. Harry assumed he was talking about the skrewts, because his classmates certainly weren’t; every now and then, with an alarming bang, one of the skrewts’ ends would explode, causing it to shoot forward several yards, and more than one person was being dragged along on their stomach, trying desperately to get back on their feet. â€Å"Ah, I don’ know, Harry,† Hagrid sighed suddenly, looking back down at him with a worried expression on his face. â€Å"School champion†¦everythin’ seems ter happen ter you, doesn’ it?† Harry didn’t answer. Yes, everything did seem to happen to him†¦that was more or less what Hermione had said as they had walked around the lake, and that was the reason, according to her, that Ron was no longer talking to him. The next few days were some of Harry’s worst at Hogwarts. The closest he had ever come to feeling like this had been during those months, in his second year, when a large part of the school had suspected him of attacking his fellow students. But Ron had been on his side then. He thought he could have coped with the rest of the school’s behavior if he could just have had Ron back as a friend, but he wasn’t going to try and persuade Ron to talk to him if Ron didn’t want to. Nevertheless, it was lonely with dislike pouring in on him from all sides. He could understand the Hufflepuffs’ attitude, even if he didn’t like it; they had their own champion to support. He expected nothing less than vicious insults from the Slytherins – he was highly unpopular there and always had been, because he had helped Gryffindor beat them so often, both at Quidditch and in the Inter-House Championship. But he had hoped the Ravenclaws might have found it in their hearts to support him as much as Cedric. He was wrong, however. Most Ravenclaws seemed to think that he had been desperate to earn himself a bit more fame by tricking the goblet into accepting his name. Then there was the fact that Cedric looked the part of a champion so much more than he did. Exceptionally handsome, with his straight nose, dark hair, and gray eyes, it was hard to say who was receiving more admiration these days, Cedric or Viktor Krum. Harry actually saw the same sixth-year girls who had been so keen to get Krum’s autograph begging Cedric to sign their school bags one lunchtime. Meanwhile there was no reply from Sirius, Hedwig was refusing to come anywhere near him, Professor Trelawney was predicting his death with even more certainty than usual, and he did so badly at Summoning Charms in Professor Flitwick’s class that he was given extra homework – the only person to get any, apart from Neville. â€Å"It’s really not that difficult, Harry,† Hermione tried to reassure him as they left Flitwick’s class – she had been making objects zoom across the room to her all lesson, as though she were some sort of weird magnet for board dusters, wastepaper baskets, and lunascopes. â€Å"You just weren’t concentrating properly -â€Å" â€Å"Wonder why that was,† said Harry darkly as Cedric Diggory walked past, surrounded by a large group of simpering girls, all of whom looked at Harry as though he were a particularly large Blast-Ended Skrewt. â€Å"Still – never mind, eh? Double Potions to look forward to this afternoon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Double Potions was always a horrible experience, but these days it was nothing short of torture. Being shut in a dungeon for an hour and a half with Snape and the Slytherins, all of whom seemed determined to punish Harry as much as possible for daring to become school champion, was about the most unpleasant thing Harry could imagine. He had already struggled through one Friday’s worth, with Hermione sitting next to him intoning â€Å"ignore them, ignore them, ignore them† under her breath, and he couldn’t see why today should be any better. When he and Hermione arrived at Snape’s dungeon after lunch, they found the Slytherins waiting outside, each and every one of them wearing a large badge on the front of his or her robes. For one wild moment Harry thought they were S.P.E.W. badges – then he saw that they all bore the same message, in luminous red letters that burnt brightly in the dimly lit underground passage: SUPPORT CEDRIC DIGGORY- THE REAL HOGWARTS CHAMPION! â€Å"Like them, Potter?† said Malfoy loudly as Harry approached. â€Å"And this isn’t all they do – look!† He pressed his badge into his chest, and the message upon it vanished, to be replaced by another one, which glowed green: POTTER STINKS! The Slytherins howled with laughter. Each of them pressed their badges too, until the message POTTER STINKS was shining brightly all around Harry. He felt the heat rise in his face and neck. â€Å"Oh very funny,† Hermione said sarcastically to Pansy Parkinson and her gang of Slytherin girls, who were laughing harder than anyone, â€Å"really witty.† Ron was standing against the wall with Dean and Seamus. He wasn’t laughing, but he wasn’t sticking up for Harry either. â€Å"Want one, Granger?† said Malfoy, holding out a badge to Hermione. â€Å"I’ve got loads. But don’t touch my hand, now. I’ve just washed it, you see; don’t want a Mudblood sliming it up.† Some of the anger Harry had been feeling for days and days seemed to burst through a dam in his chest. He had reached for his wand before he’d thought what he was doing. People all around them scrambled out of the way, backing down the corridor. â€Å"Harry!† Hermione said warningly. â€Å"Go on, then, Potter,† Malfoy said quietly, drawing out his own wand. â€Å"Moody’s not here to look after you now – do it, if you’ve got the guts -â€Å" For a split second, they looked into each other’s eyes, then, at exactly the same time, both acted. â€Å"Funnunculus!† Harry yelled. â€Å"Densaugeo!† screamed Malfoy. Jets of light shot from both wands, hit each other in midair, and ricocheted off at angles – Harry’s hit Goyle in the face, and Malfoy’s hit Hermione. Goyle bellowed and put his hands to his nose, where great ugly boils were springing up – Hermione, whimpering in panic, was clutching her mouth. â€Å"Hermione!† Ron had hurried forward to see what was wrong with her; Harry turned and saw Ron dragging Hermione’s hand away from her face. It wasn’t a pretty sight. Hermione’s front teeth – already larger than average – were now growing at an alarming rate; she was looking more and more like a beaver as her teeth elongated, past her bottom lip, toward her chin – panic-stricken, she felt them and let out a terrified cry. â€Å"And what is all this noise about?† said a soft, deadly voice. Snape had arrived. The Slytherins clamored to give their explanations; Snape pointed a long yellow finger at Malfoy and said, â€Å"Explain.† â€Å"Potter attacked me, sir -â€Å" â€Å"We attacked each other at the same time!† Harry shouted. â€Å"- and he hit Goyle – look -â€Å" Snape examined Goyle, whose face now resembled something that would have been at home in a book on poisonous fungi. â€Å"Hospital wing, Goyle,† Snape said calmly. â€Å"Malfoy got Hermione!† Ron said. â€Å"Look!† He forced Hermione to show Snape her teeth – she was doing her best to hide them with her hands, though this was difficult as they had now grown down past her collar. Pansy Parkinson and the other Slytherin girls were doubled up with silent giggles, pointing at Hermione from behind Snape’s back. Snape looked coldly at Hermione, then said, â€Å"I see no difference.† Hermione let out a whimper; her eyes filled with tears, she turned on her heel and ran, ran all the way up the corridor and out of sight. It was lucky, perhaps, that both Harry and Ron started shouting at Snape at the same time; lucky their voices echoed so much in the stone corridor, for in the confused din, it was impossible for him to hear exactly what they were calling him. He got the gist, however. â€Å"Let’s see,† he said, in his silkiest voice. â€Å"Fifty points from Gryffindor and a detention each for Potter and Weasley. Now get inside, or it’ll be a week’s worth of detentions.† Harry’s ears were ringing. The injustice of it made him want to curse Snape into a thousand slimy pieces. He passed Snape, walked with Ron to the back of the dungeon, and slammed his bag down onto the table. Ron was shaking with anger too – for a moment, it felt as though everything was back to normal between them, but then Ron turned and sat down with Dean and Seamus instead, leaving Harry alone at his table. On the other side of the dungeon, Malfoy turned his back on Snape and pressed his badge, smirking. POTTER STINKS flashed once more across the room. Harry sat there staring at Snape as the lesson began, picturing horrific things happening to him†¦.If only he knew how to do the Cruciatus Curse†¦he’d have Snape flat on his back like that spider, jerking and twitching†¦. â€Å"Antidotes!† said Snape, looking around at them all, his cold black eyes glittering unpleasantly. â€Å"You should all have prepared your recipes now. I want you to brew them carefully, and then, we will be selecting someone on whom to test one†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Snape’s eyes met Harry’s, and Harry knew what was coming. Snape was going to poison him. Harry imagined picking up his cauldron, and sprinting to the front of the class, and bringing it down on Snape’s greasy head – And then a knock on the dungeon door burst in on Harry’s thoughts. It was Colin Creevey; he edged into the room, beaming at Harry, and walked up to Snape’s desk at the front of the room. â€Å"Yes?† said Snape curtly. â€Å"Please, sir, I’m supposed to take Harry Potter upstairs.† Snape stared down his hooked nose at Colin, whose smile faded from his eager face. â€Å"Potter has another hour of Potions to complete,† said Snape coldly. â€Å"He will come upstairs when this class is finished.† Colin went pink. â€Å"Sir – sir, Mr. Bagman wants him,† he said nervously. â€Å"All the champions have got to go, I think they want to take photographs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Harry would have given anything he owned to have stopped Colin saying those last few words. He chanced half a glance at Ron, but Ron was staring determinedly at the ceiling. â€Å"Very well, very well,† Snape snapped. â€Å"Potter, leave your things here, I want you back down here later to test your antidote.† â€Å"Please, sir – he’s got to take his things with him,† squeaked Cohn. â€Å"All the champions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Very well!† said Snape. â€Å"Potter – take your bag and get out of my sight!† Harry swung his bag over his shoulder, got up, and headed for the door. As he walked through the Slytherin desks, POTTER STINKS flashed at him from every direction. â€Å"It’s amazing, isn’t it, Harry?† said Colin, starting to speak the moment Harry had closed the dungeon door behind him. â€Å"Isn’t it, though? You being champion?† â€Å"Yeah, really amazing,† said Harry heavily as they set off toward the steps into the entrance hall. â€Å"What do they want photos for, Colin?† â€Å"The Daily Prophet, I think!† â€Å"Great,† said Harry dully. â€Å"Exactly what I need. More publicity.† â€Å"Good luck!† said Colin when they had reached the right room. Harry knocked on the door and entered. He was in a fairly small classroom; most of the desks had been pushed away to the back of the room, leaving a large space in the middle; three of them, however, had been placed end-to-end in front of the blackboard and covered with a long length of velvet. Five chairs had been set behind the velvet-covered desks, and Ludo Bagman was sitting in one of them, talking to a witch Harry had never seen before, who was wearing magenta robes. Viktor Krum was standing moodily in a corner as usual and not talking to anybody. Cedric and Fheur were in conversation. Fheur looked a good deal happier than Harry had seen her so far; she kept throwing back her head so that her long silvery hair caught the light. A paunchy man, holding a large black camera that was smoking slightly, was watching Fleur out of the corner of his eye. Bagman suddenly spotted Harry, got up quickly, and bounded forward. â€Å"Ah, here he is! Champion number four! In you come, Harry, in you come†¦nothing to worry about, it’s just the wand weighing ceremony, the rest of the judges will be here in a moment -â€Å" â€Å"Wand weighing?† Harry repeated nervously. â€Å"We have to check that your wands are fully functional, no problems, you know, as they’re your most important tools in the tasks ahead,† said Bagman. â€Å"The expert’s upstairs now with Dumbledore. And then there’s going to be a little photo shoot. This is Rita Skeeter,† he added, gesturing toward the witch in magenta robes. â€Å"She’s doing a small piece on the tournament for the Daily Prophet†¦.† â€Å"Maybe not that small, Ludo,† said Rita Skeeter, her eyes on Harry. Her hair was set in elaborate and curiously rigid curls that contrasted oddly with her heavy-jawed face. She wore jeweled spectacles. The thick fingers clutching her crocodile-skin handbag ended in two-inch nails, painted crimson. â€Å"I wonder if I could have a little word with Harry before we start?† she said to Bagman, but still gazing fixedly at Harry. â€Å"The youngest champion, you know†¦to add a bit of color?† â€Å"Certainly!† cried Bagman. â€Å"That is – if Harry has no objection?† â€Å"Er -† said Harry. â€Å"Lovely,† said Rita Skeeter, and in a second, her scarlet-taloned fingers had Harry’s upper arm in a surprisingly strong grip, and she was steering him out of the room again and opening a nearby door. â€Å"We don’t want to be in there with all that noise,† she said. â€Å"Let’s see†¦ah, yes, this is nice and cozy.† It was a broom cupboard. Harry stared at her. â€Å"Come along, dear – that’s right – lovely,† said Rita Skeeter again, perching herself precariously upon an upturned bucket, pushing Harry down onto a cardboard box, and closing the door, throwing them into darkness. â€Å"Let’s see now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She unsnapped her crocodile-skin handbag and pulled out a handful of candles, which she lit with a wave of her wand and magicked into midair, so that they could see what they were doing. â€Å"You won’t mind, Harry, if I use a Quick-Quotes Quill? It leaves me free to talk to you normally†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"A what?† said Harry. Rita Skeeter’s smile widened. Harry counted three gold teeth. She reached again into her crocodile bag and drew out a long acid-green quill and a roll of parchment, which she stretched out between them on a crate of Mrs. Skower’s All-Purpose Magical Mess Remover. She put the tip of the green quill into her mouth, sucked it for a moment with apparent relish, then placed it upright on the parchment, where it stood balanced on its point, quivering slightly. â€Å"Testing†¦my name is Rita Skeeter, Daily Prophet reporter.† Harry hooked down quickly at the quill. The moment Rita Skeeter had spoken, the green quill had started to scribble, skidding across the parchment: Attractive blonde Rita Skeeter, forty-three, who’s savage quill has punctured many inflated reputations – â€Å"Lovely,† said Rita Skeeter, yet again, and she ripped the top piece of parchment off, crumpled it up, and stuffed it into her handbag. Now she leaned toward Harry and said, â€Å"So, Harry†¦what made you decide to enter the Triwizard Tournament?† â€Å"Er -† said Harry again, but he was distracted by the quill. Even though he wasn’t speaking, it was dashing across the parchment, and in its wake he could make out a fresh sentence: An ugly scar, souvenier of a tragic past, disfigures the otherwise charming face of Harry Potter, whose eyes – â€Å"Ignore the quill, Harry,† said Rita Skeeter firmly. Reluctantly Harry looked up at her instead. â€Å"Now – why did you decide to enter the tournament, Harry?† â€Å"I didn’t,† said Harry. â€Å"I don’t know how my name got into the Goblet of Fire. I didn’t put it in there.† Rita Skeeter raised one heavily penciled eyebrow. â€Å"Come now, Harry, there’s no need to be scared of getting into trouble. We all know you shouldn’t really have entered at all. But don’t worry about that. Our readers hove a rebel.† â€Å"But I didn’t enter,† Harry repeated. â€Å"I don’t know who -â€Å" â€Å"How do you feel about the tasks ahead?† said Rita Skeeter. â€Å"Excited? Nervous?† â€Å"I haven’t really thought†¦yeah, nervous, I suppose,† said Harry. His insides squirmed uncomfortably as he spoke. â€Å"Champions have died in the past, haven’t they?† said Rita Skeeter briskly. â€Å"Have you thought about that at all?† â€Å"Well†¦they say it’s going to be a lot safer this year,† said Harry. The quill whizzed across the parchment between them, back and forward as though it were skating. â€Å"Of course, you’ve looked death in the face before, haven’t you?† said Rita Skeeter, watching him closely. â€Å"How would you say that’s affected you?† â€Å"Er,† said Harry, yet again. â€Å"Do you think that the trauma in your past might have made you keen to prove yourself? To live up to your name? Do you think that perhaps you were tempted to enter the Triwizard Tournament because -â€Å" â€Å"I didn’t enter,† said Harry, starting to feel irritated. â€Å"Can you remember your parents at all?† said Rita Skeeter, talking over him. â€Å"No,† said Harry. â€Å"How do you think they’d feel if they knew you were competing in the Triwizard Tournament? Proud? Worried? Angry?† Harry was feeling really annoyed now. How on earth was he to know how his parents would feel if they were alive? He could feel Rita Skeeter watching him very intently. Frowning, he avoided her gaze and hooked down at words the quill had just written: Tears fill those startlingly green eyes as our conversation turns to the parents he can barely remember. â€Å"I have NOT got tears in my eyes!† said Harry loudly. Before Rita Skeeter could say a word, the door of the broom cupboard was pulled open. Harry looked around, blinking in the bright light. Albus Dumbledore stood there, looking down at both of them, squashed into the cupboard. â€Å"Dumbledore!† cried Rita Skeeter, with every appearance of delight – but Harry noticed that her quill and the parchment had suddenly vanished from the box of Magical Mess Remover, and Rita’s clawed fingers were hastily snapping shut the clasp of her crocodile-skin bag. â€Å"How are you?† she said, standing up and holding out one of her large, mannish hands to Dumbledore. â€Å"I hope you saw my piece over the summer about the International Confederation of Wizards’ Conference?† â€Å"Enchantingly nasty,† said Dumbledore, his eyes twinkling. â€Å"I particularly enjoyed your description of me as an obsolete dingbat.† Rita Skeeter didn’t look remotely abashed. â€Å"I was just making the point that some of your ideas are a little old-fashioned, Dumbhedore, and that many wizards in the street -â€Å" â€Å"I will be delighted to hear the reasoning behind the rudeness, Rita,† said Dumbledore, with a courteous bow and a smile, â€Å"but I’m afraid we will have to discuss the matter later. The Weighing of the Wands is about to start, and it cannot take place if one of our champions is hidden in a broom cupboard.† Very glad to get away from Rita Skeeter, Harry hurried back into the room. The other champions were now sitting in chairs near the door, and he sat down quickly next to Cedric, hooking up at the velvet-covered table, where four of the five judges were now sitting – Professor Karkaroff, Madame Maxime, Mr. Crouch, and Ludo Bagman. Rita Skeeter settled herself down in a corner; Harry saw her slip the parchment out of her bag again, spread it on her knee, suck the end of the Quick-Quotes Quill, and place it once more on the parchment. â€Å"May I introduce Mr. Ollivander?† said Dumbledore, taking his place at the judges’ table and talking to the champions. â€Å"He will be checking your wands to ensure that they are in good condition before the tournament.† Harry hooked around, and with a jolt of surprise saw an old wizard with large, pale eyes standing quietly by the window. Harry had met Mr. Ollivander before – he was the wand-maker from whom Harry had bought his own wand over three years ago in Diagon Alley. â€Å"Mademoiselle Delacour, could we have you first, please?† said Mr. Ollivander, stepping into the empty space in the middle of the room. Fleur Delacour swept over to Mr. Olhivander and handed him her wand. â€Å"Hmm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he said. He twirled the wand between his long fingers like a baton and it emitted a number of pink and gold sparks. Then he held it chose to his eyes and examined it carefully. â€Å"Yes,† he said quietly, â€Å"nine and a half inches†¦inflexible†¦rosewood†¦and containing†¦dear me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"An ‘air from ze ‘ead of a veela,† said Fleur. â€Å"One of my grandmuzzer’s.† So Fleur was part veela, thought Harry, making a mental note to tell Ron†¦then he remembered that Ron wasn’t speaking to him. â€Å"Yes,† said Mr. Ollivander, â€Å"yes, I’ve never used veela hair myself, of course. I find it makes for rather temperamental wands†¦however, to each his own, and if this suits you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mr. Ollivander ran his fingers along the wand, apparently checking for scratches or bumps; then he muttered, â€Å"Orchideous!† and a bunch of flowers burst from the wand tip. â€Å"Very well, very well, it’s in fine working order,† said Mr. Ollivander, scooping up the flowers and handing them to Fleur with her wand. â€Å"Mr. Diggory, you next.† Fleur glided back to her seat, smiling at Cedric as he passed her. â€Å"Ah, now, this is one of mine, isn’t it?† said Mr. Ollivander, with much more enthusiasm, as Cedric handed over his wand. â€Å"Yes, I remember it well. Containing a single hair from the tail of a particularly fine male unicorn†¦must have been seventeen hands; nearly gored me with his horn after I plucked his tail. Twelve and a quarter inches†¦ash†¦pleasantly springy. It’s in fine condition†¦You treat it regularly?† â€Å"Polished it last night,† said Cedric, grinning. Harry hooked down at his own wand. He could see finger marks all over it. He gathered a fistful of robe from his knee and tried to rub it clean surreptitiously. Several gold sparks shot out of the end of it. Fleur Delacour gave him a very patronizing look, and he desisted. Mr. Ollivander sent a stream of silver smoke rings across the room from the tip of Cedric’s wand, pronounced himself satisfied, and then said, â€Å"Mr. Krum, if you please.† Viktor Krum got up and slouched, round-shouldered and duck-footed, toward Mr. Ollivander. He thrust out his wand and stood scowling, with his hands in the pockets of his robes. â€Å"Hmm,† said Mr. Olhivander, â€Å"this is a Gregorovitch creation, unless I’m much mistaken? A fine wand-maker, though the styling is never quite what I†¦however†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He lifted the wand and examined it minutely, turning it over and over before his eyes. â€Å"Yes†¦hornbeam and dragon heartstring?† he shot at Krum, who nodded. â€Å"Rather thicker than one usually sees†¦quite rigid†¦ten and a quarter inches†¦Avis!† The hornbeam wand let off a blast hike a gun, and a number of small, twittering birds flew out of the end and through the open window into the watery sunlight. â€Å"Good,† said Mr. Ollivander, handing Krum back his wand. â€Å"Which leaves†¦Mr. Potter.† Harry got to his feet and walked past Krum to Mr. Ollivander. He handed over his wand. â€Å"Aaaah, yes,† said Mr. Ohlivander, his pale eyes suddenly gleaming. â€Å"Yes, yes, yes. How well I remember.† Harry could remember too. He could remember it as though it had happened yesterday†¦. Four summers ago, on his eleventh birthday, he had entered Mr. Ollivander’s shop with Hagrid to buy a wand. Mr. Ollivander had taken his measurements and then started handing him wands to try. Harry had waved what felt like every wand in the shop, until at last he had found the one that suited him – this one, which was made of holly, eleven inches long, and contained a single feather from the tail of a phoenix. Mr. Ollivander had been very surprised that Harry had been so compatible with this wand. â€Å"Curious,† he had said, â€Å"curious,† and not until Harry asked what was curious had Mr. Olhivander explained that the phoenix feather in Harry’s wand had come from the same bird that had supplied the core of Lord Voldemort’s. Harry had never shared this piece of information with anybody. He was very fond of his wand, and as far as he was concerned its relation to Voldemort’s wand was something it couldn’t help – rather as he couldn’t help being related to Aunt Petunia. However, he really hoped that Mr. Ollivander wasn’t about to tell the room about it. He had a funny feeling Rita Skeeter’s Quick-Quotes Quill might just explode with excitement if he did. Mr. Ollivander spent much longer examining Harry’s wand than anyone else’s. Eventually, however, he made a fountain of wine shoot out of it, and handed it back to Harry, announcing that it was still in perfect condition. â€Å"Thank you all,† said Dumbledore, standing up at the judges’ table. â€Å"You may go back to your lessons now – or perhaps it would be quicker just to go down to dinner, as they are about to end -â€Å" Feeling that at last something had gone right today, Harry got up to leave, but the man with the black camera jumped up and cleared his throat. â€Å"Photos, Dumbledore, photos!† cried Bagman excitedly. â€Å"All the judges and champions, what do you think, Rita?† â€Å"Er – yes, let’s do those first,† said Rita Skeeter, whose eyes were upon Harry again. â€Å"And then perhaps some individual shots.† The photographs took a long time. Madame Maxime cast everyone else into shadow wherever she stood, and the photographer couldn’t stand far enough back to get her into the frame; eventually she had to sit while everyone else stood around her. Karkaroff kept twirling his goatee around his finger to give it an extra curl; Krum, whom Harry would have thought would have been used to this sort of thing, skulked, half-hidden, at the back of the group. The photographer seemed keenest to get Fleur at the front, but Rita Skeeter kept hurrying forward and dragging Harry into greater prominence. Then she insisted on separate shots of all the champions. At last, they were free to go. Harry went down to dinner. Hermione wasn’t there – he supposed she was still in the hospital wing having her teeth fixed. He ate alone at the end of the table, then returned to Gryffindor Tower, thinking of all the extra work on Summoning Charms that he had to do. Up in the dormitory, he came across Ron. â€Å"You’ve had an owl,† said Ron brusquely the moment he walked in. He was pointing at Harry’s pillow. The school barn owl was waiting for him there. â€Å"Oh – right,† said Harry. â€Å"And we’ve got to do our detentions tomorrow night, Snape’s dungeon,† said Ron. He then walked straight out of the room, not looking at Harry. For a moment, Harry considered going after him – he wasn’t sure whether he wanted to talk to him or hit him, both seemed quite appealing – but the lure of Sirius’s answer was too strong. Harry strode over to the barn owl, took the letter off its leg, and unrolled it. Harry – I can’t say everything I would like to in a letter, it’s too risky in case the owl is intercepted – we need to talk face-to-face. Can you ensure that you are alone by the fire in Gryffindor Tower at one o’clock in the morning on the 22nd ofNovember? I know better than anyone that you can look after yourself and while you’re around Dumbledore and Moody I don’t think anyone will be able to hurt you. However, someone seems to be having a good try. Entering you in that tournament would have been very risky, especially right under Dumbkdore’s nose. Be on the watch, Harry. I still want to hear about anything unusual. Let me know about the 22nd ofNovember as quickly as you can. Sirius How to cite Chapter 18 The Weighing of the Wands, Essay examples

Animal imagery in of mice and men free essay sample

The title of John Steinbecks novel comes from a Robert Burns poem about the struggle for survival of a field-mouse: The best laid plans o mice and men Gang aft agley which suggests from the outset that the lives of men and animals are closely linked in this novel. At the beginning of the novel not only do we learn about Lennies love of petting small creatures but we also learn about the hopes and dreams of the two characters. The fact that the poem then goes on to say: An leae us nought but grief and pain For promised Joy is also highly relevant to the themes of the novel since the connotations of the title nd the link to the Burns poem suggest that their dreams are doomed from the start. In the opening paragraphs of the novel, Steinbeck creates a picture of the natural world as a beautiful place which is disturbed by humans. To begin with the rabbits sat as quietly as little, gray sculptured stones but as Lennie and George approach the tranquillity is disturbed as the rabbits run for cover. The rabbits are presented as innocent and cute in their natural setting but the tranquillity of the setting is deceptive, an illusion, representing the calm before the storm whilst the grotesque maginary rabbit in the last section is not only a distortion of nature but a recognition that the natural world order has been overturned. Lennies dream is bound up with animals; his great desire is to tend the rabbits and when he gets George to repeat the mantra of the dream to him over and over again, it is this aspect that Lennie really focuses on rather than the ownership of the land. However, animals represent not only Lennies dream but also his downfall. In the first section, Lennies child-like love of petting small creatures, particularly mice, is shown in some detail. Moreover, Lennie does not Just pet small animals, he ets them to death. When George takes the dead mouse away from Lennie it is obviously not the first time that this has happened. George recalls that Lennies Aunt Clara stopped giving him mice because You always killed em. We are alerted to the fact that Lennie kills the things that he pets very early on in the novel, therefore. The fate of the puppy given to Lennie by Slim seems sealed from the start. When Lennie tries to bring it back into the bunkhouse, George tells Lennie Youll kill him the first thing you know. It is not only with small animals that Lennie is inclined to be rough. We learn that the roblems in Weed started because Lennie Jus wanted to feel that girls dress Jus wanted to pet it like it was a mouse. Steinbeck uses the deaths of the small animals to show that despite loving to stroke nice things, he inevitably kills them; once Lennie starts to stroke Curleys wifes hair, theretore, it is only a matter ot time betore a similar tate betalls her. One of the most obvious uses of animal imagery is in the descriptions of Lennie which abound with comparisons with creatures. The first description of Lennie tells of how he Walked heavily the way a bear drags his paws. When Lennie drinks eeply of the water at the beginning of this first scene, the noise he makes is likened toa horse. It is not only the sounds that Steinbeck suggests make Lennie animal-like but also the simple way he addresses his thirst by plunging his whole head in the water. Later, Lennie is said to have dabbled his big paw in the water. The use of the bear metaphor is significant with the implicit suggestion of the legendary strength of the bear and the over-enthusiastic petting of things, the bear hug which is a precursor to the death of Curlers wife later in the novel. The use of animal comparisons helps the reader to understand Lennies character nd gives clues about what he will be like in different situations. When George is trying to get the mouse away from Lennie in the opening section, Steinbeck uses the simile like a terrier to suggest that Lennie will not let something go. This has further implications later in the novel when Lennie has the fight with Curley and will not let go of his hand. Lennies reverence of George has a dog-like quality and when George snapped his fingers sharply at Lennie there is the suggestion that it is like a dog obeying its master. However there is a sense ofa power in Lennie that cannot always be controlled. One of the most obvious uses of animal imagery is the episode with Candys dog which Steinbeck uses symbolically to hint at what is to come. The way the old dog follows Carlson so trustingly mirrors the way Lennie obeys George at the end. When he tells him to remove his hat, Lennie does so dutifully and when George tells him to look across the river Lennie obeyed him. The death of Candys dog foreshadows Lennies death; Lennie is shot in exactly the same way as the old dog, in the back of the head, and for the same reason to protect him from future misery. The last section of the novel ends where it began in the clearing but the ranquillity of the scene in which the snake glides smoothly through the pool is disturbed by the heron which: plucked it out by the head and the beak swallowed the little snake while its tail waved frantically. It is shortly after this that George finds Lennie and shoots him. Throughout the novel, Steinbeck weaves animal imagery into the fabric of the novel, often as a precursor to what will happen in the human world. Lennie dies dreaming of the rabbits he wishes to tend. It seems to be a fitting end. characters. The tact that the poem then goes on to say: therefore, it is only a matter of time before a similar fate befalls her. he bear and the over-enthusiastic petting ot things, the bear hug which is a precursor to the death of Curleys wife later in the novel. mplications later in the novel when Lennie has the fght with Curley and will not let goof his hand. Lennies reverence of George has a dog-like quality and when George obeying its master. However there is a sense of a power in Lennie that cannot always as innocent and cute in their natural setting but the tranquillity ot the setting is nice things, he inevitably kills them; once Lennie starts to stroke Curlers wifes hair, be controlled

Eiselen report Essay Example

Eiselen report Paper Afrikaner nationalism gained momentum after the war and the National party saw its popularity increase16. On May 26, 1948, a crucial year in South African history, Nazi sympathizer Daniel Malan and Nationalist Party won a surprise victory17. Malans government, more explicitly white supremacist than its predecessors, focused more on order, economic development, and racial superiority18. From an instrumentalists viewpoint, the new Afrikaner government, the product of the 17th century Dutch pioneers, viewed themselves isolationists and racially pure, and segregation was the only way in which to maintain this ethnic purity19. With the notion that a pluralistic society would lead to their ultimate destruction, the Afrikaner Nationalists quickly legislated a web of racial laws aimed at strengthening this system of self preservation by weakening African unity and destroying any sense of nationalism. The new regime took immediately steps to fashion a new white South Africa by means of the apartheid system. Because most of the essential elements of this system were already in place, the apartheid regime needed only to fuse these elements together to institutionalize racial discrimination, and most importantly, it served to reestablish the Afrikaners ethnic identity. The 1950 Population Registration Act worked to classify people into four racial groups: White, Black, Coloureds, and Asians. In the same year, the Group Areas Act enforced residential segregation through home expropriations and massive forced removals into selected areas20. These two acts formed the cornerstone of the apartheid system thereby affecting every aspect of South African social, economic, and political life. Most importantly, these laws were to intentionally break the political will of the African majority while guaranteeing accessibility and exploitation of their labour21. We will write a custom essay sample on Eiselen report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Eiselen report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Eiselen report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The apartheid regimes political ideologies also brought to government a new racial emphasis on African schooling by restructuring the educational system. Initially, little was done to intervene in the operation of schools. However, due to impending changes in South Africas political and racial climate, educational institutions began to experience significant upheavals, marked by student rebellions, violence, boycotts and intertribal tensions22. When analyzing South Africas democratic transition four decades later, it is important to understand how these various forms of rebellion also contained the seeds of future social protests by generations of angry and frustrated school children, born under this repressive political regime. The states solution was to forcibly take control of the missions and curb the growth of the disgruntled African elite and their potential militant nationalism. Minister of Native Affairs Dr. H. Verwoerd, a Calvinistic white supremacist and active member of the Dutch Reformed Church, audaciously inferred that the missions had brought about the states intervention on themselves23. In one of Dr. Verwoerds senate speeches on black education he proclaimed, blacks should be educated for their opportunities in life24. Verwoerd, one of the pre-eminent architects of apartheid, in keeping with the new Afrikaner governments God ordained political concept of racial inequality, introduced a new ideology into South African schooling by taking steps to restructure the educational system. In 1949, the government set up a Commission on Native Education under the chairmanship of Dr. W. Eiselen. The commission was asked by Verwoerd to make recommendations towards education for Natives as an independent race, taking into account their inherent racial qualities, their distinctive characteristics and aptitude, and their needs under ever changing social conditions25. By 1951, the Eiselen Commission recommended that black education should be an integral part of a carefully planned policy of segregated socioeconomic development, and beneficial for the transmission and development of black cultural heritage26. The Eiselen report maintained that racial separation within the educational system be kept, and Bantu education should have a separate existence. Like the Welsh report over a decade earlier, the Eiselen commission also recommended that funding for African schooling, including higher-level education be increased. This recommendation, however, was flatly rejected. If the state was to remain an engine of patronage for Afrikaner economic gain, additional funding for African education certainly did not fit within their political agenda27. By following only a few recommendations of the Eiselen report, Verwoerd introduced the 1953 Bantu Education Act, an ill-conceived blueprint for the black schooling system. This bill was to completely change the course of education for blacks in South Africa during the following four decades. Furthermore, the Bantu Education Act, strictly controlled by Verwoerdian ideologies, laid the ground for further rebellions. Most importantly, apartheid education created the angriest and most violent generation of youths in South Africas history28. With the introduction of the Bantu Education Act in 1953, the state sought to destroy the potentially growing nationalism of the African elite and their educational institutions, by implementing draconian measures and more stringent controls29. Verwoerds ultimatum to the mission schools was to either hand over control to the state, or face cuts in government subsidies30. With little choice and inadequate funding from Europe, the missions capitulated and their buildings were handed over. Government schools were also affected. Verwoerd abolished the Smuts school feeding scheme, and measures such as stricter student quota systems were introduced whereby pupils who were forced to walk great distances to school were excluded31. Language instruction from primary to level eight was provided in the vernacular, followed by Afrikaans, which became mandatory in secondary school32. This dual medium of instruction was introduced so that eventually, students could serve the needs of white society, by enabling them to follow oral and or written instructions. When analyzing the politics of Bantu education, language represented a key ideological element of the apartheid regime. The system of Bantu education was specifically created to educate Blacks to fit into the apartheid system and these children were not to be educated beyond their assigned station in life. It could also be argued that the Afrikaner state, and in particular Verwoerd, used the act to prevent the widespread use of English in African schools, which could later lead to a more culturally English environment. Understandably, such as scenario would have severely handicapped the Afrikaners struggle against Anglicization among Africans. When the act came into effect in April 1955, the first of many rebellions followed and thousands of students and hundreds of teachers were dismissed. Later similar laws were passed to control Coloured and Indian schooling33. University level education was also affected by the apartheid regime. The 1959 Extension of University Education Act ended the admissions criteria originally exercised by traditionally white universities where academic non-segregation was practiced34. Although several new colleges and universities came into existence in terms of the apartheid framework such as the University of the North, the University of Zululand, and the University of the Western Cape. The irony was that due to a lack of properly educated matriculants at the secondary school level, many aspiring students lacked the scholastic requirements for university level studies. Unlike other African states, such as Uganda and Kenya, little attention was paid to the expansion and quality of South Africas secondary education. During the two decades South Africa underwent considerable economic expansion. Political economists and businessmen argued that the countrys economic potential was being hampered by a shortage of trained and skilled manpower. Previous laws limiting African labour and the Bantu Education systems restrictions on black training were frequently blamed, and these arguments continued well into the seventien. Further rebellions and student protests continued throughout the 1960s and 1970s by students and teachers from all educational levels. The impact of Bantu Education can be seen as being felt most deeply almost a decade after its implementation, when students began to rise in revolt and these rebellions led to the formation of political organizations such as Black Consciousness. On March 21, 1960, a protest movement in the town of Sharpville was organized and proved the first turning point in a new phase of resistance when a 67 people were killed and 186 injured37. Anger and frustration continued among students and youths resulting in further political protests and demands for social, economic, and political change. By 1976, Africans faced a serious shortage of educational facilities, with the township of Soweto requiring 70 schools alone38. Due to the deficiencies of the educational system a lack of employment opportunities was created and this situation was further exacerbated by a worsening economic situation. Against this backdrop, another watershed event in South African history took place. On June 16, 1976, thousands Soweto schoolchildren, under the non-violent philosophy of Black Consciousness, began a protest triggered by tensions over the governments decision to enforce the decree that Afrikaans must be the medium of instruction in secondary schools39. Owing to a particularly brutal police response, children were indiscriminately killed, and during the ensuing ghost town operation protests, which continued until the mid 1970s, over 600 people were killed, of which almost 200 were children. Soweto was a political catalyst that captured the attention of the worldwide media and became one of South Africas most important historical events that irreversibly transformed the political landscape. Two years later, the Inkatha Freedom Party, funded by the apartheid regime and headed by Nelson Mandelas chief antagonist, Zulu leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi, introduced Ubuntu Botho or good citizenship into the mandatory curriculum of all KwaZulu schools40. Understandably, these politically motivated texts, written in Zulu and mainly for Inkatha s gain, were severely criticized.

Character Analysis of Lady Mac essays

Character Analysis of Lady Mac essays One of the main characters in Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, is one of Shakespeare's most famous and frightening female characters. She entirely breaks the stereotype of women being kind and softhearted. In the play, Lady Macbeth has two phases ¡Ã‚ ªgreat determination of killing Duncan and less ability to deal with the legacy of their crimes. In fact, she is less capable than her husband of withstanding the response of her immoral acts. This theme of the relationship between gender and power is the key to Lady Macbeth's character. Lady Macbeth is also a two-sided character in this play. She consistently acts differently when she is with her husband than she is alone. There are three examples on that in the essay. Lady Macbeth, Macbeth's wife, is one of Shakespeare's most famous and frightening female characters. She is a deeply ambitious woman who lusts for power and position. When we first see her, she is already planning Duncan's murder, and she is stronger, more ruthless, and more ambitious than her husband. She seems fully aware of this and knows that she will have to push Macbeth into committing murder and seize the crown. At one point, she wishes that she were not a woman so that she could do it herself. After the bloodshed begins, however, Lady Macbeth becomes a victim to guilt and madness to an even greater degree than her husband. Her conscience affects her to such an extent that she (apparently) eventually commits suicide. Lady Macbeth entirely breaks the stereotype of women being kind and softhearted in the first act. She is far more savage and ambitious than her husband, yet she convinces Macbeth to commit the murders that will make them king and queen. Lady Macbeth might be a more vicious individual, but she is more afraid than Macbeth about killing Duncan. She never mentions herself committing the murder, and she always insists upon Macbeth executing the killing. She uses her husband's weakness to achieve her dreams. After ...

English 101 Young Goodman Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English 101 Young Goodman Paper - Essay Example The third section of the story is once again back in the society. Brown is a changed individual owing to his experience in the forest. He is sad, stern and distrustful. The change in his attitude arises from his loss of faith in humanity as the discussion below portrays. The story is one of self-scrutiny and self-determination. At first, Goodman Brown is a normal member of the society who shares the Puritan beliefs. However, the nigh experience in the forest is symbolic to Christianity’s self-exploration. In the dream like setting, Brown acquires a new view of both himself and his society. Unfortunately, his experiences and understanding of humanity in the forest is troubling. Additionally, the trip into the forest precedes Brown’s three months of marriage a duration within which he had begun doubting some of the basic features of life and faith in his society. At the end of the forest experience, Young Goodman Brown loses faith in a number of social features including salvation, human goodness, faith, salvation and his wife all of which are fundamental features that contributes to the development of a peaceful and cohesive society, like the one he lived in prior to his trip in the forest. In the forest, Brown witnessed most of the town’s people including his wife exhibit peculiar traits such as those exhibited by witches. The experience affects his psychological stability. He becomes withdrawn and refuses to greet his wife immediately he returns to the town in the morning. Losing faith in his wife was among the most basic portrayal of his loss of faith and disbelief in the basic social institutions. He begins interacting with people in the society as though strangers (Hawthorne 7). Young Goodman Brown becomes distrustful, stern and sad because he loses faith in humans owing to the experiences if acquired while in the forest. He loses faith in humanity owing to the high level of hypocrisy he sees. This portrays the fall of man and the

Aboriginal land rights in Australia Research Proposal

Aboriginal land rights in Australia - Research Proposal Example o Aborigines, Diane Bell has boldly expressed it as a sign that there is a drastic alteration in the legal and administrative stance to the acknowledgment of Aboriginal rights in Australia. Bell further justified her claims through pronouncing these statements;"Nowhere are these changes as striking as in the struggle of the Aboriginal people to gain recognition of land rights. This struggle has involved both moral and legal re-examinations of the relationship between a settler population and the original inhabitants. The wording of the Land Rights Act Northern Territory (1976) and the reference to customary law both assume that Aborigines have rights and a system of law, and that these have existed for many thousands of years. Such propositions would have been unthinkable two hundred years ago, when Australia was settled as a British colony. Not only has the legal profession had to rethink its judgments and governments to legislate to recognize aspects of Aboriginal Rights, but th e Aborigines themselves have organized locally and nationally to bring the grievances and the injustices suffered by their people to the attention of other Australians and to people abroad."1 Nevertheless, there are alarming difficulties regarding the debate on land rights. The issue has branched out extensively to include political implications which made it extremely complicated to represent objectively and impartially. In a scholarly matter, it is rather inappropriate to provide an in-depth analysis of the causes of the land rights battle while it is still being fought. Neutrality of opinion regarding a politically charged state of affairs can be then argued as an indication of support to the conservative racist forces in Australia which combat the bestowing of land rights to the original inhabitants of Australia. Nonetheless, there is an urgent need to expose and investigate the issues revolving around the land rights movement since arguments and raison d''tre on both sides of the problem are dreadfully ambiguous. A tranquil and balanced evaluation of the diverse issues of the land rights movement can possibly generate a remedial and enlightening effect and conceivably guide those who are fervently faithful to the land rights proposal to come up with a persuasive way in presenting their case. Many Australians advocate the recognition of the Aborigine's traditional land rights which constitute the right to utilize and subsist on the land that they have previously occupied. The supporters of the land rights movement give their best hopes that a greater recognition of these customary rights, which is termed as the native title, would smooth the progress of compromise between Aborigines and white Australians. However, the land claims of the Aborigines demonstrate composite legal concerns, such as the problems that granting of native titles will cause to private welfare in the land that have existed in Australia over the past two decades. The complex issue over land rights necessitates the vitality of confronting the problem with the deep-seated legal principles regarding land rights of aboriginal people. The Land Rights Movement In the 1960s, the Aboriginal land rights movement inaugurated its emergence as a "movement", as such. The term "movement" is quite an inappropriate word to use since the

The Role of Budgeting in the Current Economic Climate Essay

The Role of Budgeting in the Current Economic Climate - Essay Example Problems with the traditional budgeting system Any budgeting system has three major roles, viz., â€Å"planning, motivation and evaluation† (Banovic, 2005, pp. 4-5). Hence there are chances of three types of conflicts to arise. For the effectiveness of a budget, the planners are supposed to assess the company’s functioning capabilities and therefore they make an optimistic budget. They are under pressure to create a plan that would merge the targets desired to be achieved with feasibility of achieving the desired performance. This leads to the setting of more attainable targets thereby under using the available resources to the fullest extent. It causes lack of motivation among the employees. Secondly, the level of motivation might conflict the evaluation standard in the company. For the evaluation of performance certain rigid standards are maintained. This may not take into the consideration of unforeseen or uncontrollable incidents. Thus, while on one hand the detaile d knowledge about the evaluation standard might make the employees take it for granted at work for the fulfillment of the desired level, on the other hand, the occurrence of some uncontrollable incidents would not be accounted for the system and reflect a faulty judgment of a lesser performance. Finally, a minor conflict might arise in lieu of the differences between the realistic assessment of the future prospects by the planning personnel and the need to get rid of the unfavorable environmental factors from the budget that goes for evaluation purposes. However this conflict is not a big one since adjustments can be made as required after the budget period ends (Banovic, 2005, pp. 4-5). Besides, the budgets are formulated on the basis of the functions of the different departments of an... This essay offers a comprehensive review of the current state of budgeting theory and its implementation in the process of central planning of corporate firms. Initially the concept of budgeting was designed for the senior executives in an organization to control the activities in the organization directly from the business head. It acts as a management tool by which the financial health of the company can be controlled. The benefits of budgeting include that of forecasting the future performance of an organization, addressing its developmental issues, promoting cohesion amongst the different departments and also predict any possibility of unforeseen expenses The facility of system traditional budgeting system has made the budgetary practices to remain unchanged throughout the decades. Yet, the managers and administrators noticed various dysfunctional behaviors associated with the system. A company might encounter several unpredictable events which require rapid responsive action. But the prevailing budgeting process does not provide such space for immediate action. The budget which is designed to handle long term complex problems, cannot serve the purpose of the managing small failures with preciseness. Several companies now feels the need for modification in the traditional budgeting system. Research is still on in this sphere and more can be added to the element of risk management in the model of Beyond Budgeting. The ultimate objective is to construct a management model which is â€Å"coherent, simple and integrated†

Alternatives To The Instrument Landing Systems Engineering Essay

Alternatives To The Instrument Landing Systems Engineering Essay Pilots have been faced with horrors of not being able to safely carry out the whole flight envelope activities during unfavourable weather conditions. The solution was the idea of somehow aiding pilots with instruments that would help get the job done. The Instrument Landing System (ILS), being the first, did break the ice but its faults and restrictions paved way for alternatives like the MPL, JPAL, IGS and TLS amongst others. It cannot be overlooked though that the ILS is still the most common of all approaches and pilots are tested numerous times on the workings of the ILS during their flight career. The Instrument Landing System (ILS) is an instrument presented, pilot interpreted, precision approach aid. The system provides the pilot with instrument indications which, when utilised in conjunction with the normal flight instruments, enables the aircraft to be manoeuvred along a precise, predetermined, final approach path. [1] Tests of the ILS began in 1929 and the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) authorised installation of the system in 1941 at six locations. The first landing of a scheduled U.S. passenger airliner using ILS was on January 26, 1938, as a Pennsylvania Central Airlines Boeing 247-D flew from Washington D.C. to Pittsburgh and landed in a snowstorm using only the Instrument Landing System.[2] The first fully automatic landing using ILS occurred at Bedford Airport UK in March 1964. [3] 1.1 Overview on the Instrument Landing System (ILS) The ILS uses two primary signals: a localizer for lateral guidance (VHF) operating between frequencies 108.10MHz and 111.95MHz; and a glide slope for vertical guidance (UHF) operating between 329.30MHz to 335.00MHz. The localizer provides course guidance throughout the descent path to the runway threshold from a distance of 18 NM from the antenna between an altitude of 1,000 feet about the highest terrain along the course line and 4,500 feet about the elevation of the antenna site. [4] On the other hand, the glide consists of two overlapping beam modulated at 150Hz and 90Hz. The centre line of the glideslope signal is arranged to define a glide slope of approximately 3Â ° above ground level with the beam being 0.7Â ° below the glideslope centreline and 0.7Â ° above the glideslope centreline i.e. 1.4Â ° in total. The transmitter is located 750 to 1,250 ft. down the runway from the threshold, offset 400 to 600 ft. from the runway centreline [5]. 1.2 Limitations facing the ILS The complexity of the ILS localizer and glide-slope system gives rise to its high installation cost. Also, there are topographic limitations with the ILS because of the complex siting requirements due to the sensitivity of both the localizer and glide slope systems. The localizers full functionality is limited due to effects from obstructions in the signal broadcast areas like hangers and large buildings and the glide-slope conversely is affected by the terrain in front of the glide-slope antenna. If terrain is sloping or uneven, reflections can create an uneven glide-path causing unwanted needle deflections. Additionally, the ILS only supports straight-in approaches since its signals are pointed in one direction by the positioning of the antennae arrays. Furthermore, the ILS suffers from frequency congestion because of a finite number of available frequencies (only 40 channels in all)[6], and has frequency modulation interference problems in some areas.[7] Also, the fact that it is not easily deployable makes it fall out of favour with the military. These main facts resulted into the development of the Microwave Landing System (MLS) with one intention only, to replace the ILS. 2. The Microwave Landing System (MLS) 2.1 History of the MLS The Microwave Landing System was designed to replace or supplement the ILS. Tests of the MLS began in 1972 in Australia. Most of this work was jointly done by the then Federal Department of Civil Aviation (DCA), and the Radio Physics Division of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). The project was called Interscan which was one of the many Microwave Landing System under consideration internationally. Interscan was chosen by the FAA in 1975 and ICAO in 1978 as the format to be adopted. [8] The MLS was standardised in 1988 and approved for use in international civil aviation. [9] 2.2 Overview and advantages of the MLS over the ILS MLS employs 5GHz transmitters at the landing place which use passive electronically scanned arrays to send scanning beams towards approaching aircraft. An aircraft that enters the scanned volume uses a special receiver that calculates its position by measuring the arrival times of the beams. The MLS operates in the microwave spectrum of 5.0-5.25 GHz/15.4-15.7 GHz. It provides azimuth, elevation and distance measurement to aircraft having the necessary components installed. It has various advantages over the ILS as it is more accurate and preferable in providing approach guidance to aircrafts. It is capable of providing fan coverage range of +/- 40 degrees either side of the antennae and a horizontal distance of about 20NM from the runway touchdown point for azimuth approaches and +/- 20degrees fan coverage area from a horizontal distance of 5NM for back azimuth for a missed approach situation. The ILS on the other hand can only accurately provide course guidance of +/- 10 degrees eit her side of the antennae from a horizontal distance of 18NM for forward azimuth approach and a further +/- 25 degrees fan coverage area (+/- 35degrees in total for azimuth approaches) from a horizontal distance of 10NM for back azimuth on a missed approach. Any area beneath the +/- 35 degrees coverage area, signal may provide incorrect or undesirable readings by the instruments. [10] This statement is graphically represented in figure 1. Figure 1. The MLS coverage area. Also, the DME (Distance Measuring Equipment) on the ILS provides a range accuracy of +/- 1,200ft. as compared with greatly improved version on the MLS called the DME/P (for Precision) which provides a range accuracy of +/- 100feet making it possible for the MLS to guide the extremely accurate CATIII approaches which was previously normally carried out with expensive ground based high precision radar equipment with the ILS. Furthermore, with the MLS having 200 channels for communication/broadcast operating between 5031 and 5090.6 MHz (far from FM broadcast frequencies) gives it further advantage through getting rid of jamming and interference problems faced with the ILS because its operational channel frequencies are fairly close to FM broadcast frequencies. In addition, the MLS antennae are small because it transmits at higher frequencies, cheaper and easy to construct and maintain as it does not employ a Localizer and glideslope transmitter. It can also be placed anywhere as compared to the ILS system that has to be placed at the end of the runway and along the approach path. Again, it has the advantage of providing precision guidance to V/STOL (Shot Take-off and Landing) aircrafts and helicopters in small areas e.g. roof-top helicopters which is impossible with the ILS. In addition, it cannot only accommodate straight-in or segmented approaches but also curved approaches as the transmitter does not have to be in direct alignment with the receiver before landing can be possible and this is so because the MLS transmitter signal covers a very large fan-shaped coverage area. Finally, because of the higher frequency the MLS operate, precisely in a ratio of 50:1 as compared with the ILS, it therefore requires a smaller antenna. A 1o beam-width antenna for a MLS requires 12ft (3.6m) antenna while a typical ILS system would require a 600ft (180m) antennae size for the same 1o beam-width losing out again to the MLS to size advantage. [11]. The MLS expectation to replace the ILS was actually the reverse as a lot of airliners were reluctant to converting to MLS because it required them installing and or changing some equipment on board the aircraft and on the ground. Also, at almost about the same time came the invention of the GPS. The GPS required no installations in airports. It never employed placing any antennae along the runway like the ILS and MLS. This eliminates the siting requirements imposed by both initial systems and gave rise to simplicity. 3. The GPS and the WAAS: The GPS, Global Positioning System, consists of a space-based radio navigation satellite and network of ground stations for controlling and monitoring. The space portion consists of at least 24 GPS satellites orbiting the earth twice in a day at a speed of about 7,000miles per hour and about 11,000 miles in altitude from the earths surface.[12] The GPS provides accurate data of current position. Basically, to get current location using the GPS, data is sent from the object e.g. the aircraft and it measures the time taken for the wave to reach the satellite and return and by means of triangulation using at least three satellites, accurate location can be calculated. The GPS though also has some limitations. It cannot be employed for precision landing since it does not give enough vertical accuracy and as known, vertical accuracy ensures safer landing. The GPS precisely provides a vertical accuracy of about 15meters and even the certification for the least, CAT I landing requires a ver tical accuracy of at least 4meters. The inaccuracy is caused by the interaction of the radio signals with large waves in the ionosphere. This interaction slows down the time for the radio signal to be reflected back to its source since even a very small clock error multiplied by the very large speed of light (the speed at which satellite signals propagate) results in a large positional error. These errors aroused the introduction of the WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System). The WAAS basically employs the same space-based satellite and ground based stations as the GPS but its main difference is that it sends out correctional signal to augment errors in the GPS signal. Two master stations located on either coast collects data from the reference station and a GPS correction message. This correction accounts for GPS satellite orbit and clock drift plus signal delays caused by the atmosphere and ionosphere. The corrected differential message is then broadcast through one of two geostatio nary satellites (satellites with a fixed position over the equator). The information is compatible with the basic GPS signal structure, which means any WAAS-enabled GPS receiver can read the signal. For some users, in the U.S for example, they are not able to receive the corrected WAAS signal because of obstructions from trees and mountains. So plainly speaking, the GPS or WAAS is just not accurate enough to replace the ILS and this further encouraged the manufacture of other precision landing systems. [13] 4. JPALS (Joint Precision Approach and Landing System) JPALS or the Joint Precision Approach Landing System is an all weather precision landing system developed and mainly intended for use by the military. The crash of a U.S. military transport in Bosnia in 1996, while flying a non-precision approach in adverse weather highlighted the need for a near-term, rapidly deployable precision approach system. As a result, the Air Mobility Command is pursuing an initiative to field a precision approach system to solve problems like the one encountered in Bosnia. In 1992, the Assistant Secretary of Defense for C3I directed a study to analyze existing emerging PALS technologies. Tasking was passed through the Air Force to the DoD Policy Board on Federal Aviation, which chartered the Precision Landing Study Advisory Group (PLSAG) to produce a JPALS Mission Needs Statement (MNS). The Joint Requirements Oversight Council validated the MNS in August 1995. [14] JPALS was developed by the military for two main reasons: 1. They needed an all weather precision landing system that is highly mobile and open to most if not all military scenarios, such as landing on ships, rough terrains etc. and 2. They needed a rugged system that would work and withstand any weather and environmental conditions. JPALS is similar in concept to the civilian Local Augmentation Area System, LAAS. JPALS augments GPS to provide precision approach and landing information for military aircrafts flying in poor weather or low visibility. A typical JPALS system consists of both ground and airborne component. The ground component transmits correctional messages to augment the GPS signal. It also transmits a set of co-ordinate data defining the final approach path. The airborne receiver on the aircraft determines the position relative to the desired approach path or runway if you like. This information is displayed on the pilots PFD. A single JPALS ground system can support multiple runways in an airport and it can also support different approach path to a single runway. Also, the same JPALS ground system can support approaches to nearby airports within a 10-20miles radius. Furthermore, if a portion of the runway sustains damage, the landing threshold position can be moved further up front the runway. JPALS is divided into two main categories namely the SRGPS and the LDGPS. SRGPS provides highly accurate precision landing for aircrafts aboard ships, S/VTOL, helicopters. LDGPS is further subdivided into three categories. The fixed base used by military for on going operations around the world, the Tactical base designed for short-term critical operations and the Special missions is highly portable and used by Special Forces on special missions. Figure 2 simplifies the subdivisions. Figure 2. JPALS classifications A typical Special Missions JPALS system would be carried in two bag packs and can be set up by two airmen within a few minutes. The prototype system consists of a two GPS receiver enclosure, a laptop and a data link transmitter. In November 2007, this system was set up and tested at the FAAs Williams J. Hughes technical centre in Atlantic City, NJ. This man-packed system was tested using the FAAs covey test aircraft and by a C21 aircraft provided by the airforces Flight Standard Agency. These two aircrafts successfully demonstrated the ability of the man-packed JPALS system to support the CAT1 approach and also further demonstrated its success after the landing threshold position was moved further up the runway in a case of a damaged portion of the runway. [15][16] 5. Conclusion: The ability for aircraft to fly and land under any circumstance is very much important as it ensures safety, integrity to the industry and comfort to passengers. As pilots of the earlier days were almost completely paralysed due to effects from bad weather or worse would crash as it happened to the military transport aircraft in Bosnia urged the need for solutions. The faults in the ILS paved way for the MLS, GPS, JPALS and others. A Transponder Landing System or the TLS would also work where a typical ILS would not provided there is no paralysis in funds. The latest alternative to the ILS is the Localise Performance with Vertical guidance or the LPV which is also based on the same operation as the WAAS and as of Nov. 2008[update], the FAA has published more LPV approaches than Category I ILS procedures. Generally, these precision and landing systems have greatly improved the integrity and safety of the Aviation industry, both military and civilian.